An Overview of the Edge City Theory

An Overview of the Edge City Theory There were a hundred thousand shapes and substances of incompleteness, wildly mingled out of their places, upside down, burrowing in the earth, aspiring in the earth, moldering in the water, and unintelligible as in any dream. - Charles Dickens on London in 1848; Garreau calls this quote the best one-sentence description of Edge City extant. Theyre called suburban business districts, major diversified centers, suburban cores, minicities, suburban activity centers, cities of realms, galactic cities, urban subcenters, pepperoni-pizza cities, superburbia, technoburbs, nucleations, disurbs, service cities, perimeter cities, peripheral centers, urban villages, and suburban downtowns but the name thats now most commonly used for places that the foregoing terms describe is edge cities. The term edge cities was coined by Washington Post journalist and author Joel Garreau in his 1991 book Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. Garreau equates the growing edge cities at major suburban freeway interchanges around America as the latest transformation of how we live and work. These new suburban cities have sprung up like dandelions across the fruited plain, theyre home to glistening office towers, huge retail complexes, and are always located close to major highways. The archetypal edge city is Tysons Corner, Virginia, outside Washington, D.C. Its located near the junctions of Interstate 495 (the D.C. beltway), Interstate 66, and Virginia 267 (the route from D.C. to Dulles International Airport). Tysons Corner wasnt much more than a village a few decades ago but today its home to the largest retail area on the east coast south of New York City (that includes Tysons Corner Center, home to six anchor department stores and over 230 stores in all), over 3,400 hotel rooms, over 100,000 jobs, over 25 million square feet of office space. Yet Tysons Corner is a city without a local civic government; much of it lies in unincorporated Fairfax County. Garreau established five rules for a place to be considered an edge city: The area must have more than five million square feet of office space (about the space of a good-sized downtown)The place must include over 600,000 square feet of retail space (the size of a large regional shopping mall)The population must rise every morning and drop every afternoon (i.e., there are more jobs than homes)The place is known as a single end destination (the place has it all; entertainment, shopping, recreation, etc.)The area must not have been anything like a city 30 years ago (cow pastures would have been nice) Garreau identified 123 places in a chapter of his book called The List as being true edge cities and 83 up-and-coming or planned edge cities around the country. The List included two dozen edge cities or those in progress in greater Los Angeles alone, 23 in metro Washington, D.C., and 21 in greater New York City. Garreau speaks to the history of the edge city: Edge Cities represent the third wave of our lives pushing into new frontiers in this half century. First, we moved our homes out past the traditional idea of what constituted a city. This was the suburbanization of America, especially after World War II. Then we wearied of returning downtown for the necessities of life, so we moved our marketplaces out to where we lived. This was the malling of America, especially in the 1960s and 1970s. Today, we have moved our means of creating wealth, the essence of urbanism - our jobs - out to where most of us have lived and shopped for two generations. That has led to the rise of Edge City. (p. 4)

DB 3 - Art Example

DB 3 DB 3 Symbols in Artworks Insert Insert s A symbol can be defined as a written or printed sign used for presenting an element, operation, quality, quantity or relation as in music, artworks or mathematics.The piece of art that is going to be examined with respect to the symbols it has is Leonardo Da Vinci painting Mona Lisa. Whilst the art is viewed under a microscope, Italy National Committee for Cultural Heritage discovered that when the eyes of â€Å"Mona Lisa† are magnified, there are tiny numbers and letters, which can be seen (Pisa, 2010). Historian experts argue that the barely distinguishable figures and letters represent something of a real-life Da Vinci Code. The symbol in the right eye seems to be letters LV that could well stand for the artist’s name, Leonardo Da Vinci. In the Mona Lisa’s left eye there are also symbols; however, they are not as defined. Even though it is hard to make them out clearly, they appear to be letters CE, or could be letter B.The Mona Lisa Painting also has a symbol of Dan Brown blockbuster, which is The Da Vinci Code (Pisa, 2010). It was converted to a film in 2006 that starred Tom Hanks. Hanks character interprets secret messages that are hidden in the painting and Da Vinci’s other artworks.Part 2The symbol that I often encounter every day is a Cross. I usually pass nearby a cathedral. The cross means the symbol is the intersection of the love of God and His justice. The next symbol is the apple logo, which I usually see on a billboard on my way to school. The symbol is derived from the Bible story of Adam and Eve. The bitten apple signifies the fruit from the ‘tree of knowledge’. The similarity of the symbols is their hidden meaningThe Cross The Apple Inc LogReferenceNick Pisa, 2010. Mona Lisa Painting ‘Contains Hidden Code:’ The Telegraph Media group Limited. Accessed on 26th February 2014 from telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-news/8197896/Mona-Lisa-painting-contains-hidde n-code.html

The Obamacare Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Obamacare - Research Paper Example The second objective of the program is to create stock exchange for insurers, which will purchase insurance at a reasonable price to those Americans who dont have it yet. At the same time, Obama is going to provide loans and preferential prices for those businesses and individuals who do not have sufficient resources (Tate, 12). The third point of the plan provides the introduction of compulsory health insurance, which would reduce unplanned budget expenses for treatment of uninsured persons. This innovation will affect only those individuals and institutions that will be able to pay the appropriate fees (Tate, 12). Thus, I consider that this reform is necessary for the USA. The current medical system differs with unresolved interaction between the public and private sectors. Despite the fact that the government allocates huge sums into the health care system, it has no effective levers of control over prices and costs of services and drugs and it will get those levers due to this reform. So, as you see, this plan would entail mainly positive effects. The average American will likely see a reduction in the cost of his health insurance, and up to 30-44 million citizens who now do not have insurance will get access to insurance coverage through Medicare, Medicaid or public insurance plans (Wilensky). In addition, they will be able to include in their insurance the child until he will reach the age of 26. It wont depend on whether a child has own family or whether he lives with parents/separately/on the university campus or whether he depends or not on parents financially. Previously, this kind of insurance was limited by age of 18 years. ObamaCare also brings unprecedented reforms in Medicare for pensioners. Now they do not have to pay a certain amount of money from their own pocket – the program will cover it. Millions of pensioners are already exempt from additional payments "out of